Tuleyome's Science Corner: Some Good News About Gray Wolves

Kristie Ehrhardt • February 28, 2022

Collared Gray Wolf OR -7 (Photo by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife)

The Gray Wolf is a species native to California but it is believed that they were extirpated (eliminated) in the 1920’s. Nobody knows for sure how the population declined so drastically but was most likely the result of habitat disturbance and hunting to reduce possible predation on livestock. Their historic range in California is thought to have included the Sierra Nevada, the southern Cascades, the Modoc Plateau, the Klamath Mountains and possibly the Northern Coast Range. They also may have occurred in the Central Valley to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. The Gray Wolf has been provided protection under the California Endangered Species Act since 2014 and although they have not been reintroduced into the state, Gray Wolves are returning to California as individuals disperse from other populations in nearby states. OR-7 famously entered California from Oregon in 2011. Since then, several other radio-collared wolves have dispersed into California resulting in three breeding packs; the Shasta Pack, the Lassen Pack and the Whaleback Pack which produced its first litter in 2021.


The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the Timber Wolf, is the largest member of the Canidae (dog) family. It is thought that they were first domesticated in East Asia several thousand years ago and through selective breeding and the passage of time, produced dogs. There are many subspecies of the Gray Wolves in North America, Eurasia and Africa. Extremely powerful jaws armored with large canine teeth and the ability to run down prey at nearly 40 miles per hour have allowed wolves to become top predators no matter where they live. Gray Wolves average from around 30 to over 100 pounds and are about six and a half feet in length, depending on geographical location. The largest wolves are found in Canada, Alaska and northern Asia. Their coat color also varies depending on their geographic location. It is usually gray but may also be brown, black, red or white with their bellies usually being light yellowish-white. Those found in the Arctic regions tend to be lighter colored. Hunting occurs mostly at night and prey species are large herbivores such as deer, elk, moose, bison, caribou and bighorn sheep, again depending on their location. Although wolves seldom kill livestock or domestic animals, deaths attributed to wolves are increasing as the wolves’ range increases. Many states offer compensation for the loss of livestock when evidence of a wolf kill is present.


Gray Wolves live in tight family groups called packs from ten to two dozen individuals. The pack usually consists of a breeding pair (also called the alpha male and female) and their offspring and they form very strong social bonds. The alpha male and female continuously assert their dominance and guide the activities of the entire pack. The alpha female cares for and defends the pups while the alpha male manages foraging, feeding and travel for the pack. Both the alpha male and female track and take down prey. The pack’s territory ranges from about 30 and 1,200 miles depending on prey availability and is forcefully defended. Wolves communicate by facial expression, body and tail posture, vocalization and scent marking. Howling strengthens social bonds and keeps the pack in contact with each other. Scent marking warns other packs and intruders to stay away. Interestingly, intruders are usually killed but in some circumstances are accepted into the pack.


Breeding usually occurs between February and April and five or six pups are born two moths later. The young nurse for about eight weeks, after which they emerge from the den and become the center of attention for all members of the pack. As they grow, they are moved frequently and when fall approaches and the pack begins to wander, the pups are near adult size and are old and strong enough to keep up.


After about two years, the young may leave the pack to search for a mate and establish their own territory and pack. Some collared wolves that leave their pack are documented to have traveled almost 600 miles. The young that stay with the pack may eventually replace a breeding adult. Some larger packs have more than one breeding female.


Wolves rarely attack humans and usually avoid contact with them. They can live to the age of 13 in the wild but most die long before that. The same diseases that domestic dogs are vaccinated against also affect wolves, although humans are their main cause of death.

Being on the Endangered Species List isn’t typically a good thing but, inclusion on the list does provide some protection for the listed species. On February 8, 2022, a U.S. District Judge ruled in favor of a lawsuit brought by the Human Society and other wildlife organizations against the United States Department of the Interior last January that removed the Gray Wolf from the Federal Endangered Species List.


To lean more about Gray Wolves in California please visit California Department of Fish and Wildlife's website.


-Kristie Ehrhardt; kehrhardt@tuleyome.org


Tuleyome Land Conservation Program Manager


RECENT ARTICLES

By Nate Lillge August 6, 2025
Bill Grabert is stepping down from his position as treasurer on Tuleyome’s volunteer Board of Directors – we thank him for his many years of service! Bill first joined Tuleyome as a staff member in 2016. His nature-based teaching influenced many youth over the years with school field trips throughout the Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument region, from Redbud Trail to Conaway Ranch. As part of Tuleyome’s team of instructors for the California Certified Naturalist program, Bill inspired adults to care for the region. His love of the area began as soon as he graduated from college and began working as a geologist in Lake County. Bill has devoted his diverse knowledge and skillset to care for, steward, and enjoy California’s northern Inner Coast Range Mountains for many years. He will be missed on the Board but we look forward to seeing him on the trails! -Nate Lillge (Adventures and Engagement Director)  and Lyndsay Dawkins (Volunteer Tuleyome Board President)
By Bryan Pride August 6, 2025
Fifty-eight and a half million acres of America's wildest forests have been protected for nearly 25 years by the Roadless Rule, a conservation cornerstone that could soon disappear. Established in 2001, the Roadless Area Conservation Rule (RACR) , more commonly known as the Roadless Rule, designated "Inventoried Roadless Areas" (IRAs) across our nation's forests, prohibiting new roads from being built. Now, USDA Secretary Rollins wants to rescind it . From Alaska to California, the losses from this rollback would be massive. In Alaska, 92% of the Tongass National Forest could lose protection, threatening one of the world's most pristine ecosystems and the indigenous communities who call it home. California would lose protections across 4.4 million acres spanning 21 national forests , which has the potential to impact treasured places like Inyo, Shasta-Trinity, and the Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument. Rule Born from Necessity, Not Ideology The Roadless Rule traces back to 1998, when U.S. Forest Service Chief Mike Dombeck saw the agency's vast road system as a major environmental and fiscal problem . To put this in perspective: the Forest Service maintains eight times more miles of road than the Interstate Highway System. The agency had too many roads to properly maintain for safety and environmental purposes, with poorly maintained roads contributing to erosion and other harms across national forests. The road maintenance backlog had ballooned to $8.4 billion while the agency received only 20% of the funding needed to maintain roads to environmental and safety standards. Dombeck proposed a moratorium on road construction in undeveloped forest areas across most of the National Forest System. The agency adopted an 18-month moratorium in February 1999 pending completion of an overall road management plan. Later that year, the agency undertook a rule making process to provide long-term administrative protection for roadless areas. The Forest Service conducted an extensive public involvement process that produced 1.7 million comments , with the majority favoring a strong national policy protecting roadless areas. The resulting Roadless Rule was not and is still not a blanket ban: it makes exceptions to allow access to non-federal land inholdings and pre-existing mineral leases, and allows logging to reduce fire risk, improve habitat or aid in the recovery of endangered species. What began as a fiscally prudent solution to an unwieldy road network became a cornerstone of forest conservation, one that Americans overwhelmingly supported then and continue to support today. The Administration's Claims vs. Reality According to USDA Secretary Rollins , the rule is “overly restrictive”, hinders fire prevention and responsible timber production, therefore the Rule poses “real harm to millions of acres of our national forests.” Rollins linked rescinding the Rule with Presidential Executive Order 14192, "Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation .” The reality is different. Rollins' claim ignores what's actually at stake. Roadless areas are essential ecosystems that provide clean air and water while keeping wilderness intact. They also serve as critical refuges for wildlife; 57% of America's most vulnerable species depend on roadless areas for habitat. For the 156 million Americans who visit national forests annually, these areas offer irreplaceable backcountry recreation experiences. Most strikingly, the administration's fire prevention argument is backwards. Scientific research reveals that 88% of wildfires are human-caused , and 95% of these fires start within half a mile of a road. Areas closest to roads experience 53% more fires than would occur by random chance. Less than 3% of wildfires start in wilderness areas more than a mile from roads. This research indicates that more roads through our forests are more likely to increase fires and would outweigh the effects of improving fire containment. While the administration claims roads improve fire response, fire management teams consistently identify inadequate resources and personnel shortages, not roads , as the primary barriers to effective wildfire management . Rather than building roads that increase fire risk, fire management experts advocate for investing in cultural and prescribed burns, fire mitigation and forest restoration, proven approaches that are underfunded but key to preventing future fires and reducing fire magnitude. What's Next? Rescinding the Roadless Rule will require a public comment period that has yet to be announced. This is when we can all share our views. Tuleyome will be following this issue closely and will be commenting. For more information on the Roadless Rule and how to participate in the public comment process or other advocacy opportunities, contact B ryan Pr ide .
By Kristie Ehrhardt August 6, 2025
The short answer is honestly, pretty much anywhere! Because the 344,476 acre Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument (the Monument) is located in the rural areas of Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Mendocino, Napa, Solano and Yolo counties you will have a great view of the dark night sky, free from urban light pollution from virtually anywhere within its boundaries! The Monument is an easy drive from not only the metropolitan Sacramento area but also from the San Francisco Bay Area as well as the North Bay communities making it an easy day trip. If you’re here especially for the Perseid meteor shower though it might be a very long day since best viewing happens between the hours of midnight and early morning. If you’re adventurous and up for an all-nighter, be certain to pack plenty of water and snacks and be sure to pull over only where it is safe and you’re not blocking a road, especially when it’s dark. Also always keep safety in mind and look out for wildlife as the Monument is home to black bears, mountain lions, coyotes, tule elk and bobcats that may be traveling through the area as well. If you’d like to stay a night (or several), there are multiple developed campgrounds to choose from inside the Monument boundaries. If you’re up camping, check out The Blue Oaks Campground, Indian Valley Campground, Hunting Creek Campground, Deer Valley Campground, Lower Nye Campground, West Crocket Campground or Kowalski Camping area just to name a few of the sites available for overnight stays. Before you go though, please do check with the United States Forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management websites for details on the particular camping area you’re interested in as well as current conditions, requirements and fire restrictions. The Monument also offers primitive camping in the three wilderness areas located within the Monument boundaries. Cache Creek Wilderness, Cedar Roughs Wilderness and Snow Mountain Wilderness present nearly unlimited opportunities for dispersed camping or backcountry camping (areas located outside of designated campgrounds). Although camping is allowed and encouraged, these areas have no amenities such as tables, toilets, available water or waste removal and require you to pack out all trash and waste. There are no motorized vehicles allowed within Wilderness areas and they provide places for deep solitude with nature. Camping in Wilderness areas or other dispersed camping areas require visitors to understand and follow the Leave No Trace principles of outdoor recreating as well as planning ahead and knowing the area and what to pack. That said, other than the trees potentially blocking some of the night sky, you’re sure to avoid urban light pollution and have an unobstructed view of the night sky from practically anywhere within the Monument! -Kristie Ehrhardt ( kehrhardt@tuleyome.org ) Tuleyome Land Conservation Program Manager