Monumental Questions - Federal Public Lands

Kristie Ehrhardt • November 5, 2025

If you’re a friend of Tuleyome you likely know a bit about our (it belongs to all of us) newly expanded favorite National Monument - the Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument. You may also recognize that federal public lands are lands that are owned and/or managed by the United States federal government for the enjoyment of its citizens. And, you probably know that in addition to national monuments there are also national parks, national forests and national historic places but did you know that there are many more public land designations as well?!


There are many (MANY!) different types of federal public lands. Most of them are held for conservation, resource management and public recreation. The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) oversees several federal agencies that manage various public land designations and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) oversees other agencies that steward public lands. Federal public lands in the United States, District of Columbia and US territories total approximately 640 million acres and occupy nearly 30% of the land area. 


The National Park Service is an agency within the DOI and oversees not only national parks but also most national monuments and other natural, historical and recreational properties with various title designations or units.  These include national preserves, national lakeshores and seashores, national rivers and wild and scenic rivers and national scenic and historic trails, among others. Today The National Park Service currently manages 433 combined parks/units including 63 national parks, 87 national monuments, 75 national historic sites, 64 national historic sites and many other designations totaling 85 million acres in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and US territories. Their management focus is preserving the ecological and historical integrity of these special places for public use and enjoyment. 


The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is a federal agency also under the direction of the DOI.  The BLM’s mission is “to sustain the health, diversity and productivity of public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.” We here at Tuleyome think that’s pretty dang good and we often partner with them on varying components of public land use and enjoyment. The BLM is responsible for the management of a substantial portion of the nation’s public lands including some of our most historic and scenic landscapes and natural resources for all to enjoy.


The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) is another agency operated under the DOI and is the oldest conservation agency in the United States. It was established in 1871 to help monitor the country’s game fish populations. Today the USFWS manages our nation’s wildlife refuges to conserve the habitat, plants and wildlife found there. The national wildlife refuge system began with Pelican Island in 1903 and today there are over 560 refuges across the country. It’s been said that if “national parks are America’s best idea, national wildlife refuges are America’s best-kept secret”. Although, they don’t seem like a very stealthy secret since they receive over 50 million visitors a year!


The United States Forest Service (USFS) was established in 1905 and is an agency under the USDA. It is the United States’ predominant forestry agency leading the world in sustainable forest and grassland use, management and stewardship, research and conservation. Today they are responsible for the management of 154 national forests and surrounding areas that total nearly 200 million acres in 43 states, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. The agency also provides stewardship assistance to tribal, state and local governments, private landowners and corporations to improve conditions on about 900 million acres of forests in the U.S. 


Fun fact - Yellowstone was the United States’ first national park established in 1872. But, at the time Wyoming was still a U.S. territory so Yellowstone was managed by the federal government using the Army and the African American Buffalo Soldiers. 

 

Fun fact - the designation National Monument has been given to many different sites ranging from natural reserves, historic military scenes, prehistoric ruins, fossil sites AND to the Statue of Liberty. 

Fun fact - there is at least one national wildlife refuge in every US state and territory.


Fun fact - The Forest Service obviously manages forests but did you know that they also manage grasslands?


Did you know… that the Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument is jointly managed by both the BLM and the USFS, not the National Park Service!?


Whether you’re exploring places where you won’t find a motorized vehicle or places where you might not find a parking spot, you can bet there is at least one type of federal public land just a hop, skip and a jump from you!


The numerous designations within the National Park System sometimes confuse visitors. The names are created in the Congressional legislation authorizing the sites or by the president, who proclaims "national monuments" under the Antiquities Act of 1906. Many names are descriptive—lakeshores, seashores, battlefields—but others cannot be neatly categorized because of the diversity of resources within them. In 1970, Congress elaborated on the 1916 National Park Service Organic Act, saying all units of the system have equal legal standing in a national system.


National Park

These are generally large natural places having a wide variety of attributes, at times including significant historic assets. Hunting, mining and consumptive activities are not authorized.


National Monument

The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the President to declare by public proclamation landmarks, structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest situated on lands owned or controlled by the government to be national monuments.


National Preserve

National preserves are areas having characteristics associated with national parks, but in which Congress has permitted continued public hunting, trapping, oil/gas exploration and extraction. Many existing national preserves, without sport hunting, would qualify for national park designation.


National Historic Site

Usually, a national historic site contains a single historical feature that was directly associated with its subject. Derived from the Historic Sites Act of 1935, a number of historic sites were established by secretaries of the Interior, but most have been authorized by acts of Congress.


National Historical Park

This designation generally applies to historic parks that extend beyond single properties or buildings.


National Memorial

A national memorial is commemorative of a historic person or episode; it need not occupy a site historically connected with its subject.


National Battlefield

This general title includes national battlefield, national battlefield park, national battlefield site, and national military park. In 1958, an NPS committee recommended national battlefield as the single title for all such park lands.


National Cemetery

There are presently 14 national cemeteries in the National Park System, all of which are administered in conjunction with an associated unit and are not accounted for separately.


National Recreation Area

Twelve NRAs in the system are centered on large reservoirs and emphasize water-based recreation. Five other NRAs are located near major population centers. Such urban parks combine scarce open spaces with the preservation of significant historic resources and important natural areas in location that can provide outdoor recreation for large numbers of people.


National Seashore

Ten national seashores have been established on the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts; some are developed and some relatively primitive. Hunting is allowed at many of these sites.


National Lakeshore

National lakeshores, all on the Great Lakes, closely parallel the seashores in character and use.


National River

There are several variations to this category: national river and recreation area, national scenic river, wild river, etc. The first was authorized in 1964 and others were established following passage of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968.


National Parkway

The title parkway refers to a roadway and the parkland paralleling the roadway. All were intended for scenic motoring along a protected corridor and often connect cultural sites.


National Trail

National scenic trails and national historic trails are the titles given to these linear parklands (over 3,600 miles) authorized under the National Trails System Act of 1968.


Affiliated Areas

In an Act of August 18, 1970, the National Park System was defined in law as, "any area of land and water now or hereafter administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the National Park Service for park, monument, historic, parkway, recreational or other purposes." The Affiliated Areas comprise a variety of locations in the United States and Canada that preserve significant properties outside the National Park System. Some of these have been recognized by Acts of Congress, others have been designated national historic sites by the Secretary of the Interior under authority of the Historic Sites Act of 1935. All draw on technical or financial aid from the National Park Service.


Other Designations

Some units of the National Park System bear unique titles or combinations of titles, like the White House and Prince William Forest Park.


Types of federal public lands

  • National Parks: Managed by the National Park Service (NPS), these lands are preserved for their natural and cultural resources for future generations to enjoy. 
  • National Forests and Grasslands: Managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS), these areas are used for multiple purposes, including timber, recreation, and wildlife management. 
  • National Wildlife Refuges: Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), these lands are primarily for the conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants, but many also allow compatible wildlife-dependent recreation like hunting and fishing. 
  • National Conservation Lands: These are public lands designated for their conservation value and are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM manages more public land acreage than any other agency. 

Management and use

  • Management: Federal lands are managed by various agencies, with the U.S. Forest Service (Department of Agriculture) and the Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (all under the Department of the Interior) being the primary ones. 
  • Resource Extraction: Some federal lands are available for resource extraction like oil, gas, and mining, which can be a source of controversy and debate over conservation versus extraction. 
  • Recreation: The lands offer a wide range of recreational opportunities, such as hiking, camping, wildlife viewing, hunting, and fishing. 
  • Information: You can find information about specific public lands, including maps and regulations, on the official websites of the managing agencies. 


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Monumental Questions - The United States Endangered Species Act

By Kristie Ehrhardt • December 3, 2025
You may have heard that there are some modifications brewing regarding the protections afforded species by the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA). Often regarded as one of the most powerful and effective (as well as sometimes controversial) environmental laws in the United States, the ESA was written into law with bipartisan support on December 28, 1973. The purpose of the ESA was to provide the infrastructure to conserve species and their habitats here in the United States and elsewhere. To date 99% of the species listed under the ESA have avoided becoming extinct. Under the law, organizations as well as individuals can petition to have a species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA. The petitions then undergo extensive evaluation and review by scientists and the public prior to a decision being made about whether the species in question should be listed under the ESA. The ESA also requires that critical habitat areas also be protected as well as recovery plans be drafted for the species. Although this sounds very rigid, the law does allow for flexibility and requires coordination between federal, state, tribal and local agencies to conserve and protect species and their habitat. As the ESA currently stands, once a species is listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, it and its habitat is afforded formal protection. Any impacts to the species itself or its habitat will likely require a permit and possibly remediation from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service or other leading agency. Under the required recovery plans, populations are monitored over several years to determine if efforts being made are aiding to its recovery. Once a species is considered recovered, it is removed from the special-status species list. Admittedly it is a long process but it is successful. One of the most illustrious delisting is that of the Bald Eagle ( Haliaectus leucocephalus ) in 2007 following the banning of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and a recovery period for the eagles. Another celebrated species that has been delisted from the ESA is the American Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) in 1999 following a captive breeding program and other intense conservation efforts. In 2016, more species were removed from the special-status species list than ever before. The other way that species can be removed from the special-status species list is if the decline has become irreversible and they are unfortunately classified as extinct. Habitat loss, overuse, competition from invasive non-native species and disease introduction are often human-caused and can be reversible if caught early enough. The goal of the ESA is to strengthen and highlight conservation efforts for species and their associated habitats. In addition to the ESA, the United States also works in cooperation with Migratory Bird Treaties with Canada, Mexico and Japan as well as the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and other international agreements. The ESA also offers assistance to states and other associated parties to develop and utilize conservation programs that meet national and international conservation standards for the best interest of the US citizens and our heritage in fish, wildlife and plants. The Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument is home to several species protected under the ESA including the federally threatened Northern Spotted Owl ( Strix occidentallis caurina ), the federally endangered Pacific Marten ( Martes caurina ) and the Pacific Fisher ( Pekania pennanti ), the federally threatened California Coastal Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytseha ) and the Northern California Steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss indeas ).  -Kristie Ehrhardt ( kehrhardt@tuleyome.org ) Tuleyome Land Conservation Program Manager

Enjoying Outside! - Wild Turkeys

By Kristie Ehrhardt • December 3, 2025
Urban legend has it that our national symbol was nearly the Wild Turkey. Ben Franklin called them a “bird of courage” and it’s been said that he suggested that the Bald Eagle be replaced with a Wild Turkey. I’m not sure if that is true but I will say that after having a confrontation with the turkey brigade, they are not to be messed with. There are only two species of Wild Turkey world wide; the one we’re familiar with here in North America (Meleagris gallopavo) and the Ocellated Turkey (M. ocellata) found in Central America. For different reasons, the Wild Turkey is probably one of the most recognizable birds in the United States. Although I think they look best foraging under oak trees, some think they look even better on a platter surrounded by all the Thanksgiving accoutrements. Wild Turkeys are upland game birds and belong to the family Galliformes. The domesticated white turkey is a relative of our pretty Wild Turkey. Adult males have featherless red heads, long reddish-yellow legs with three toes facing forward and one rear-facing toe just below a nasty spur that they use to fight other males with. Their body feathers are generally dark brown and black with a stunning coppery sheen and a fan shaped tail. His iridescent feathers have areas of bronze, copper, green, gold, purple and red. Females on the other hand are about half the size of males and in following female upland game bird dress code, are mainly drab brown to camouflage while sitting on the nest. Ironically, this hefty brute that tries to intimate shoppers in the grocery store parking lot or corner toddlers in the neighborhood park was nearly extinct by the 20th century. By the early 1900’s only about 200,000 individuals were left roaming the country-sides of the United States due to habitat loss and over-hunting. Thanks to conservation efforts and responsible hunting practices, today their population is estimated at 6.5 billion wild birds in the United States. While several states have “turkey-rich refuges” here in California it seems that the birds have badgered their way into many of our urban and suburban areas. Wild Turkeys have funny appendages with funny names. The wattle is the skin flap that hangs from the beak to the neck and the snood is the piece of flesh that dangles from the beak. Can you guess what a caruncle is? Naturally, they’re the little bumps of flesh that cover the bird’s necks and heads. And of course we can’t forget about their beards - those are the bundle of stiff feathers that grow from their chests. All males have them and so do a few females but theirs is not nearly as glorious as the males’. The beard gets longer as the bird ages and biologists still don’t know what the purpose they serve. Very young turkeys are called poults and eat insects like they were gummy bears. As they age they develop a more refined and mature pallet and begin to incorporate some vegetation. Adult turkeys eat acorns, nuts, seeds, berries, insects and even small reptiles and amphibians. Young males are called jakes and adult males are called Toms while female turkeys are called hens. Wild Turkeys are highly adaptable and in California they can be found occupying a wide range of habitat types from oak woodlands, to mixed conifer forests, valley riparian, high deserts and even suburban parks and parking lots. You may find them pecking at their reflections in glass office complex doors, strutting around the post office parking lot or sitting on the hood of your car in the driveway. Fun Wild Turkey Facts! Wild Turkeys are much more agile than they appear. They have been clocked at 18 miles per hour on foot and can fly 50 to 60 miles per hour! Wild Turkeys have excellent vision and can see three times better than our perfect 20/20! They can change the color of their heads based on their mood! Although they’ve been called “courageous”, these softies sleep together in trees for safety. Males and female turkeys can be distinguished based on the size and shape of their droppings. Who knew? On average, adult Wild Turkeys have between five and six thousand feathers! When you’re walking off your Thanksgiving meal, keep an eye out for these beauties. Their habitat includes more than just your dinner table!  -Kristie Ehrhardt ( kehrhardt@tuleyome.org ) Tuleyome Land Conservation Program Manager